L’ennemi cartésien. Cartésianisme et anti-cartésianisme en philosophie de l’esprit et en sciences cognitives

Reference to Cartesianism is a permanent feature of the contemporary works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science. Its function is not so much to provide a historical exegesis of Descartes as to highlight some supposed aspects of the Cartesian theory of mind, more precisely those that are still reported to inform the current philosophical and scientific research and that remain to be improved on. Thus not only is the adjective Cartesian used to refer directly to Descartes, but also to designate modern approaches to the mind which, though breaking with Cartesianism on several points, are nevertheless thought to inherit important Cartesian errors. Moreover, in line with this one may note that the term Cartesian is essentially employed in a critical sense. And indeed, for most contemporary theorists, Cartesianism is regarded as the arch-enemy. In the present contribution we intend to draw a portrait of this enemy from the way the notion of Cartesianism is sometimes used in the philosophy of mind and in cognitive science. Our analysis, which is not meant to be exhaustive, aims at accounting for reference to the Cartesian figure and the issues it raises in the above-mentioned fields.